Midnight (NIGHT) Cryptocurrency: Comprehensive Overview
Core Definition and Technology
Midnight is a new generation of blockchain developed by Charles Hoskinson—the cofounder of Ethereum and founder of Cardano—that uses zero-knowledge ("ZK") proof technology to offer utility without compromising data protection or ownership, enabling applications that safeguard user, commercial, and transaction data and metadata. Midnight Network functions as a Layer 1, Cardano Partner Chain.
Blockchain Architecture
Midnight implements a hybrid dual-state architecture that integrates a UTXO-based public ledger with an account-based private execution environment, allowing developers to selectively reveal data and providing programmable privacy rather than an all-or-nothing approach.
The public ledger (UTXO-based) serves as the foundation for the network, handling consensus, validator rewards, and the NIGHT governance token, ensuring transparency, auditability, and security for the entire system. The private execution environment is account-based, where users execute confidential smart contracts written in Compact locally.
Core Cryptographic Technology
The core technology utilizes Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZK-SNARKs) and the Kachina Protocol. Midnight employs zk-SNARKs (Zero-Knowledge Succinct Non-Interactive Arguments of Knowledge), an advanced cryptographic technique that allows one party to prove to another that a statement is true without revealing any information beyond the validity of that statement, meaning users can verify transactions on the blockchain without exposing transaction details or personal data.
Midnight's ZK execution engine is based on the Kachina research framework and uses Pluto-Eris curves to produce BLS-type proofs, enabling scalable, composable privacy at the protocol level. The network supports processing 1,000+ transactions per second (TPS) with sub-second block times, providing high-performance infrastructure for DeFi applications, identity verification, and AI data protection.
Programming Language
The programming language is Compact, a domain-specific language for ZK smart contracts. The network uses Compact, a domain-specific language based on TypeScript, for writing private smart contracts, reducing the cryptographic expertise typically required for privacy-focused development and making the technology more accessible to conventional developers.
Primary Use Cases and Applications
Midnight enables DeFi where user positions, collateral details and strategy parameters remain encrypted, yet users can prove compliance (e.g., satisfy KYC/AML checks) without revealing underlying balances, which is critical for institutions exploring on-chain lending, treasury management and synthetic assets.
On many chains, identity data must be hashed and exposed for every interaction, but Midnight lets users authenticate and prove attributes (like age, accreditation or membership) without revealing full identity profiles, supporting regulated onboarding without sacrificing anonymity.
Midnight gives developers the ability to build DApps that enable selective disclosure, while controlling which data is made public and which data remains private, allowing the next generation of data protection apps in finance, identity, healthcare, and many other industries to harness the power of blockchain technology without the risk of disclosing sensitive or protected information.
Founding Team and Project History
Midnight Protocol is developed by Input Output Global (IOG)—the engineering and research company behind the Cardano blockchain—representing IOG's solution to the critical need for programmable, on-chain data protection. Midnight was officially unveiled in late 2022, with the roadmap and tokenomics detailed through the "Nightpaper" and ongoing community updates.
The project is guided by Charles Hoskinson (Founder of Cardano and co-founder of Ethereum), who identifies Midnight as the next crucial evolution: the Fourth Generation of blockchain technology.
Tokenomics
Total and Circulating Supply
Total Supply: 24,000,000,000 (24 Billion). Based on current market data, the circulating supply is approximately 16.6 billion NIGHT tokens.
Token Distribution
Glacier Drop was the first phase, running from August 5 to October 20, 2025, targeting self-custodying holders across eight blockchains including ADA, BTC, ETH, SOL, XRP, BNB, AVAX, and BAT, with a snapshot date of June 11, 2025, where over 170,000 eligible wallet addresses participated, claiming 3.5 billion NIGHT tokens, representing 14% of the total supply.
Scavenger Mine, the second phase, launched on October 29, 2025, open to everyone, where participants earn tokens by completing computational tasks or puzzles, receiving a share of unclaimed tokens from the Glacier Drop phase, providing an alternative distribution method for users who missed the first phase and further expanding community participation.
Over 8 million unique wallet addresses participated in the distribution (Industry record for distribution volume).
Token Unlock Mechanism
The NIGHT token distribution is subject to a Thawing Period with a duration of 450 Days, where tokens unlock in equal quarterly installments over the period. Community allocated tokens will enter circulating supply according to the Glacier Drop thawing schedule, which will begin on December 10, 2025, with the thawing period ending on December 4, 2026.
Dual-Token System
NIGHT is a Native Token, Governance Token, and Unshielded Asset. NIGHT is Midnight's utility token and the driving force behind the network's tokenomics, with a supply of 24 billion tokens, powering the generation of DUST (the capacity resource), fueling participation incentives, and supporting future governance.
DUST is a renewable, shielded resource generated by holding NIGHT and is used exclusively to pay for confidential transaction fees, ensuring privacy and decoupling operational cost from market volatility. DUST is the shielded and renewable network resource whose single function is to allow users to execute transactions on Midnight, allowing for transactions to take place without exposing metadata, is consumed when used (meaning it is destroyed and does not cycle back into circulation), and is continually generated by NIGHT balances in perpetuity.
Inflation and Deflation Mechanics
The rate of new circulation slows down over time, approaching zero inflation once all tokens are released, with block rewards tapering off, making NIGHT's supply curve disinflationary, and no new tokens will ever be minted beyond the 24 billion.
Midnight's tokenomics include built-in mechanisms for funding future development and distributing block rewards via an On-Chain Treasury and a Reserve, with the Treasury initially funded with about 5.88% of the total NIGHT supply from the genesis block.
Consensus Mechanism and Network Security
The Midnight network will leverage Cardano's robust proof-of-stake system for consensus and security. NIGHT plays a role in Sybil resistance mechanism and Validator Reward.
NIGHT will be distributed as block reward for block producers to incentivize security and independent validation, with Midnight using Cardano's Partner Chain model where at mainnet launch, block production will be handled by a permissioned set of nodes, and over time, the network will move toward a more permissionless model.
Key Partnerships and Ecosystem Integrations
The Midnight network has teamed up with Maestro, Paima Studios, and Sindri to bring enhanced tooling, such as powerful data APIs, EVM endpoint support, and increased proving times, for developers building zero-knowledge applications.
Brick Towers is a leading full-stack development studio in the Midnight and Cardano ecosystems, specializing in financial engineering and secure, private distributed systems, and is behind user-friendly, privacy-preserving apps like "urble".
Ecosystem partners like Midnames, Triple Play, ClarityDAO, Webisoft, and Fluid Tokens are leveraging Midnight's privacy infrastructure.
Leading exchanges including Kraken, OKX, Bitpanda, and NBX have received portions of NIGHT tokens for distribution to their customers.
Competitive Advantages and Unique Value Proposition
Midnight is not trying to replace existing ecosystems, and architecturally, it is engineered to behave like a privacy layer or "L2 for everyone," giving other chains an easy way to plug into rational privacy and selective disclosure while keeping their existing user bases and liquidity.
Midnight positions itself as a fourth-generation blockchain: If Bitcoin gave sound money, Ethereum added programmability, and Cardano focused on governance and scalability, Midnight's role is to restore privacy and identity to the stack.
A compliance feature includes Selective Disclosure (Proof of validity without revealing underlying data). Its design explicitly targets the "privacy trilemma": delivering privacy, programmability and compliance at the same time, instead of forcing builders to sacrifice one of the three.
Development Activity and Roadmap
Hilo (the first NIGHT): The NIGHT token launches on Cardano, liquidity and governance foundations are established, and builders gain a stable environment to prepare applications (in progress).
Kūkolu (safe harbor): The Midnight mainnet Genesis block goes live, and the first privacy-enhancing DApps launch on a federated, production-ready network.
Mōhalu (expansion): Participation scales through a Scaled Incentivized Testnet and the DUST capacity exchange, bringing more validators and operators into the network's day-to-day security.
Hua (Late 2026): The emergence of Hybrid DApps, where Midnight's privacy can be embedded into apps on other chains like Ethereum or Solana without changing the user experience.
Token Launch: December 2025.
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