Rocket Pool ETH (rETH) Cryptocurrency
Core Technology and Blockchain Architecture
Rocket Pool is a next-generation decentralized staking pool protocol for Ethereum. Rocket Pool ETH (rETH) is the Rocket Pool protocol's liquid staking token, representing an amount of ETH being staked and earning rewards within Ethereum Proof-of-Stake. Rocket Pool is built on the Ethereum blockchain and utilizes a proof-of-stake (PoS) consensus mechanism.
The protocol operates through a sophisticated architecture combining smart contracts, node operators, and a decentralized oracle system. The Rocket Pool network relies on a set of trust-minimized smart contracts that handle deposits, validator assignments, reward tracking, and token minting. To support off-chain data needs, Rocket Pool uses an Oracle DAO: a decentralized set of elected node operators who submit validator performance data, ensure execution-layer coordination, and monitor network performance.
Primary Use Cases and Real-World Applications
Rocket Pool is a decentralized Ethereum staking platform that allows users to stake as little as 0.01 ETH and earn rewards through liquid staking tokens (rETH), making staking accessible without requiring 32 ETH or technical expertise. The protocol serves two primary user groups:
For Regular Stakers: Users can stake as little as 0.01 ETH. In doing so, they will be given a token called rETH. As an alternative to holding onto and eventually returning rETH to the Rocket Pool, users are also free to use it in DeFi applications. Users can trade it, lend it, use it as collateral... as rETH is a standard ERC20 token, users can use it in any way they could use any other token.
For Node Operators: Unlike solo stakers, who are required to put 32 ETH up for deposit to create a new validator, Rocket Pool nodes only need to deposit either 8 ETH or 16 ETH per validator. This will be coupled with 24 ETH or 16 ETH respectively from the staking pool (which stakers deposited in exchange for rETH) to create a new Ethereum validator.
Founding Team, Key Developers, and Project History
Rocket Pool was founded in 2016 by David Rugendyke in anticipation of Ethereum's transition from Proof-of-Work (PoW) to a Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism. Rugendyke sought to organically reduce entry barriers for participating in PoS consensus, including the minimum staking requirements and technical demands.
David Rugendyke is the founder and CTO who started designing the Rocket Pool network in late 2016. Other team members include Darren Langley (General Manager), Kane Wallmann (Senior Solidity Engineer), Nick Doherty, and Joe Clapis (Senior Blockchain Engineers).
Development Timeline:
Rocket Pool first launched in the Beta phase across three main versions, V1 (July 2018), V2 (August 2019), and V3 (March 2021), before its eventual mainnet launch in November 2021. In August 2022, preceding the September 2022 Ethereum Merge, the Rocket Pool mainnet undertook its first major upgrade (termed Redstone). The Redstone upgrade enabled the distribution of priority tips from node operators to stakers that began following the Merge. Redstone also improved the gas efficiency of the inflationary RPL token rewards system. Lastly, Redstone introduced an opt-in Smoothing Pool feature for Rocket Pool minipool operators.
Tokenomics: Supply, Distribution, and Mechanics
rETH Token:
Rocket Pool ETH (rETH) is the Rocket Pool protocol's liquid staking token, representing an amount of ETH being staked and earning rewards within Ethereum Proof-of-Stake. Unlike rebasing tokens, the exchange rate of rETH to ETH increases in value over time as staking rewards accumulate.
The rETH:ETH ratio = (total rETH supply) / (total ETH staked + total rETH contract balance + total rETH share of priority fees + total rETH share of MEV rewards). Since the Beacon Chain rewards, priority fees, and MEV rewards will constantly accumulate, this means that rETH's value effectively always increases relative to ETH. The rETH/ETH exchange rate is updated approximately every 24 hours based on the Beacon Chain rewards earned by Rocket Pool node operators.
When users send ETH to be staked in Rocket Pool, Rocket Pool subtracts a 0.05% fee and then converts ETH to rETH.
RPL Token:
rETH is a staking token that users will instantly receive for their staking while RPL is the governance token of the Rocket Pool network. RPL inflation will initially be 5% pa and will be split up amongst: — Node Operators staking RPL as insurance collateral (70%) — Oracle DAO members providing various oracle data (15%) — Protocol DAO Treasury to fund decentralised development (15%)
RPL staking amounts for node operators to earn RPL rewards from inflation is currently 10% of the node operator ETH value and capped at a maximum amount of 150%.
The circulating supply of Rocket Pool is 22,034,667 tokens and the total supply is infinite. RPL issuance will be reduced from 5% to 1.5%, because the current 3.5% issuance used for RPL rewards to node operators is no longer necessary.
Consensus Mechanism and Network Security Model
Ethereum's transition to Proof-of-Stake enhances its security and efficiency. In PoS, validators are chosen to create new blocks based on the number of coins they hold and are willing to "stake" as collateral. This method is energy-efficient compared to the traditional Proof-of-Work (PoW) system and reduces the risk of centralization.
Rocket Pool creates what it calls a minipool. To the Beacon chain, a minipool looks exactly the same as a normal validator. It has the same responsibilities, same rules it must follow, same rewards, and so on.
The rETH accrues staking rewards based on the performance of the entire network of node operators, with its value protected against slashing through insurance mechanisms. When depositing ETH, node operators must also now deposit a minimum amount of RPL to act as collateral in the case they incur any of these penalties.
The protocol has undergone multiple security audits and employs "Watchtower nodes" that monitor the network for issues. Rocket Pool's smart contracts have been audited by Sigma Prime, Consensys Diligence, Trail of Bits, and Immunefi Bug Bounty.
Key Partnerships and Ecosystem Integrations
rETH integrates with major DeFi protocols and infrastructure providers, including major lending platforms like Aave and Compound, decentralized exchanges (DEXs) such as Uniswap and Curve, and oracle providers like Chainlink.
Specific Integration Examples:
Users can add liquidity to decentralized exchanges such as Uniswap v3, Curve, and Balancer v2. Users can also lend rETH to Aave or create a leveraged position by supplying rETH as collateral to Aave, then borrowing a stablecoin to buy more rETH.
Users can also restake rETH on EigenLayer. A dedicated Rocket Pool rETH Integration course helps DeFi developers learn how to stake, trade, and integrate rETH into protocols like Aave, Balancer, and EigenLayer, accelerating adoption and innovation across the ecosystem
Balancer alliance: Deepens rETH liquidity and integrates with advanced DeFi instruments. Ronin integration: Brings Rocket Pool staking to a new audience of GameFi users.
Competitive Advantages and Unique Value Proposition
Decentralization:
As a decentralized protocol, Rocket Pool distributes validator nodes across many independent operators rather than concentrating them in a few organizations' hands. This strengthens Ethereum's security while staying true to crypto's decentralization principles. With over 2,500 node operators worldwide, Rocket Pool avoids the centralization risks of larger staking providers.
Accessibility:
Unlike Ethereum's native system, which requires a minimum of 32 ETH for staking, Rocket Pool has no such limit, allowing individuals to stake any amount. This inclusivity is further enhanced by its rETH token, a tokenized version of staked ETH in Rocket Pool. This token enables users to stake as little as 0.01 ETH and as much as 32 ETH.
Liquidity and DeFi Utility:
Unlike traditional staking where your assets are locked, RETH provides liquidity to stakers, allowing them to trade or use their staked position in DeFi applications while continuing to earn staking rewards from the Ethereum network.
Non-Rebasing Token Design:
Unlike rebasing tokens, the exchange rate of rETH to ETH increases in value over time as staking rewards accumulate. This design provides tax advantages in certain jurisdictions and simplifies accounting for users.
Current Development Activity and Roadmap Highlights
On Aug. 29, 2023, the project team revealed possible future protocol releases grouped under the names "Houston" and "Saturn" via Discord. On Nov. 8, 2023, the Rocket Pool team published further details regarding its intended Houston and Saturn upgrades.
Houston Upgrade Features:
The ability to set a separate RPL withdrawal address. Allowing an address to provide ETH that a node operator stakes without taking custody of the funds. Streaming pDAO treasury payments. The implementation of a security council consisting of select pDAO members that "have the ability propose and execute changes quickly to pause the protocol in the event any potential issues occur."
Network Growth:
As of Feb. 4, 2024, there are 3,530 node operators running a total of 26,794 validators (~2.92% of all validators on Ethereum), according to Rocket Pool's website and Beaconcha.in. In addition, a total of 860,544 ETH has been staked with Rocket Pool.
Today, Rocket Pool is one of the largest ETH staking pools in the ecosystem. In fact, since its launch in October 2021, users have staked over 1M ETH on the platform.
Governance Structure:
Rocket Pool protocol is to ensure that the network is not in the control of any one individual. The protocol operates as a DAO (Decentralized Autonomous Organization), where the governance is distributed among the users of the network.
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