What is Ethereum’s Fusaka Upgrade? Everything You Need to Know

Over the past few weeks, one of the most talked-about topics within the crypto community has been Ethereum’s Fusaka upgrade. What exactly is this upgrade, and how does it affect the Ethereum blockchain and the average crypto investor?

This article will be the only explainer guide you need to understand the details of this upgrade within the Ethereum ecosystem.

Why Does Ethereum Undergo Upgrades?

To understand what the Fusaka upgrade will achieve, it is essential to comprehend what Ethereum’s upgrades aim to accomplish. The layer-1 Ethereum network was originally designed as a proof-of-work (PoW) blockchain. This implied that miners were actively behind the block mining process. While this consensus mechanism ensured security for the L1 blockchain, it also triggered slower transactions.

The Ethereum development team unveiled a detailed roadmap, outlining various upgrades that will fix most of the network’s issues. These problems include its scalability issue, which refers to the network’s ability to process transactions faster. Currently, the Ethereum blockchain processes fewer transactions per second compared to most blockchains using the proof-of-stake (PoS) consensus mechanism.

Over the past decade, Ethereum’s developers have implemented most of these upgrades, enhancing the blockchain’s overall performance. Here is a list of the upgrades that Ethereum has undergone:

• Frontier: July 2015
• Frontier Thawing: September 2015
• Homestead: March 2016
• DAO Fork: July 2016
• Tangerine Whistle: October 2016
• Spurious Dragon: November 2016
• Byzantium: October 2017
• Constantinople: February 2019
• Petersburg: February 2019
• Istanbul: December 2019
• Muir Glacier: January 2020
• Berlin: April 2021
• London: August 2021
• Arrow Glacier: December 2021
• Gray Glacier: June 2022
• The Merge: September 2022
• Bellatrix: September 2022
• Paris: September 2022
• Shanghai: April 2023
• Capella: April 2023
• Dencun (Cancun-Deneb): March 2024
• Pectra (Prague-Electra): May 2025

Most of these upgrades (forks) addressed various Ethereum Improvement Proposals (EIPs) geared towards driving the blockchain’s growth. For instance, the Merge enabled the transition from the PoW model to a proof of stake (PoS) algorithm. This brought staking and network validators into the Ethereum mainnet. Still, this upgrade failed to unlock the much-needed scalability.

For most of Ethereum’s existence, it has housed layer-2 networks, which leverage Ethereum’s infrastructure to tackle the scalability issue. While benefiting from the L1 blockchain’s security and decentralization, these L2 networks enable users to execute lightning-fast transactions.

Last year’s Dencun upgrade made transacting on layer-2 networks even easier with the introduction of proto-danksharding (EIP-4844). Poised to address the scalability issue, this upgrade introduces data blobs. You can think of these blobs as temporary, large data containers that enable cheaper, yet temporary, storage of transactions on L2 networks. The effect? It reduces gas fees, facilitating cheaper transaction costs on these L2 rollups.

The Pectra upgrade, unveiled earlier this year, also included EIPs addressing the scalability issue plaguing the Ethereum ecosystem.

The upcoming upgrade, Fusaka, will help the decade-old blockchain network to become more efficient by improving the blob capacity.

What is Ethereum’s Fusaka Upgrade?

Fusaka is an upgrade that addresses Ethereum’s scalability issue, thereby making the blockchain network more efficient. As mentioned earlier, Fusaka will bolster the blob capacity for layer-2 blockchains, which refers to the amount of temporary data the network can process. This will help facilitate faster transactions on these L2 scaling solutions.

It is worth noting that upon Fusaka’s completion, users will be able to save more when performing transactions across layer-2 networks like Polygon, Arbitrum, and Base. The upgrade has no direct positive impact on the L1 blockchain itself.

On September 18th, Christine Kim, representing Ethereum core developers, confirmed the launch date for Fusaka via an X post. Following an All Core Developers Consensus (ACDC) call, the developer announced that the Ethereum Fusaka upgrade will take place on December 3rd. Ahead of the upgrade, there will be three public testnets.

Fusaka will first be deployed on Holesky around October 1st. If that goes smoothly, it will move to Sepolia on October 14th. Finally, it will be on the Hoodi testnet on October 28th. Each stage provides developers and node operators with an opportunity to identify and address bugs, run stress tests, and verify that the network can effectively handle the new features. Running through all three testnets ensures that by the time the upgrade is ready for mainnet, it will have been thoroughly tested in different environments.

Crucial to the Fusaka upgrade are the Blob Parameter Only (BPO) forks, which will enhance the blob capacity without requiring end-users of the blockchain network to undergo any software changes. For several months, the Ethereum development team has been working towards unveiling the BPO-1 and BPO-2 forks.

Blockchain developers have pooled resources to develop Fusaka through devnets. Following performances from devnet-5, developers within the ecosystem confirmed that the BPO upgrades will come shortly after the Fusaka mainnet debut.

Approximately two weeks after the mainnet launch, on December 17th, the BPO-1 fork will increase the blob target/max from 6/9 to 10/15. Then, two weeks later, on January 7th, 2026, the BPO-2 fork is expected to expand capacity further to a metric of 14/21. Ultimately, the Fusaka upgrade would have doubled the blob capacity, marking a pivotal move for the Ethereum ecosystem.

Impact on the Ethereum Ecosystem

Admittedly, the Ethereum ecosystem is expected to see more developers and users join the bandwagon.

With the introduction of faster and cheaper transactions, developers and business owners can explore more efficient ways to build on the L1 blockchain. This means we can see initiatives like crypto payment solutions and more decentralized finance (DeFi) projects enter the Ethereum bandwagon. Users, on the other hand, will benefit as they execute cheaper on-chain transactions.

Despite the benefits from this initiative, some in the crypto community worry about the reduction in Ethereum’s gwei (the smallest unit of the Ether coin). Shortly after the Dencun upgrade, Ethereum’s median gas fee dropped to 1.7 gwei. Fast-forward to the present, and the median gas fee sits at 0.41 gwei, according to public data on Dune. This drop hints at the drastic reduction in gas fees, which could affect those staking their crypto holdings on the L1 blockchain, making it less attractive to stakers.

Since the Fusaka upgrade aims to reduce the L2 network gas fee further, some observers may worry that crypto stakers will receive fewer block rewards. Time will tell if the Ethereum development team will explore new incentives for those participating in staking.

Will Ether’s Price Pump?

There is no guarantee that Ether (ETH) will jump following Fusaka’s launch in December. This is because the second-largest cryptocurrency saw no significant price movement during past major upgrades.

According to data from CoinMarketCap, ETH sold for approximately $4,400 at the time of writing. Notably, the coin saw its current all-time high (ATH) of $4,900 roughly a month ago. The price pump was fueled by consistent Ether acquisitions by exchange-traded fund (ETF) buyers and crypto treasury firms.

Although these upgrades do not guarantee a surge in ETH’s price, they have a lasting impact on the underlying Ethereum blockchain.

Conclusion

Over the past 10 years, the Ethereum network has had no rest as it constantly ships out new upgrades to make its mainnet more scalable. The Fusaka upgrade aims to make Ethereum layer-2 networks cheaper to use. To ensure its smooth usage, several testnets are lined up. Stay tuned for updates on how Ethereum will be post-Fusaka.

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