Vitalik Predicts That Bug-Free Code Will Be Available in the 2030s

• Hard forks expose limits of endlessly mutable smart contracts in safety-critical systems.
• Only a narrow set of core contracts may justify base-layer security and client diversity.
• Formal verification and safer languages aim to make critical software provably correct.

Apps built as smart contracts inside programmable virtual machines continue to expose a deeper structural weakness in blockchain design. Recent operator actions, including a hard fork to recover funds after a Balancer exploit, pushed that concern back into focus. Network operators acted decisively, yet the event reinforced a core question about how blockchains should safely add functionality.

According to c-node, a zk developer, much application logic may not belong in endlessly mutable smart contracts. He argues that only a limited set of contracts justify long-term existence and that these components…

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