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🚨 RESEARCH: MEV remains a persistent issue in blockchains, with around $300K lost in sandwich attacks last month.
— Cointelegraph (@Cointelegraph) Oct 2, 2025
Threshold encryption offers protection by encrypting the mempool so transactions remain hidden until block inclusion. With keys split among a committee, even block proposers cannot view the contents.
Shutter pioneered this approach, first with per-epoch encryption, later improving it with per-transaction encryption, now live on Gnosis Chain via its RPC endpoint.
However, this revealed a critical flaw: when the epoch key was reconstructed, all transactions became public, including those not yet included in the block.
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