Deep Dive: Vitalik Buterin’s 2-of-3 Proof System for Ethereum Layer 2s

• Buterin proposes new Ethereum L2 roadmap targeting security & finality
• Suggests 2-of-3 proof system using ZK proofs, Optimistic proofs, and TEEs
• Also advocates shift to ‘open source funding’ focus over ‘public goods’ model

​Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin has introduced a new roadmap intended to improve the security and finality of Ethereum’s Layer 2 (L2) rollup solutions. This proposal seeks to address current challenges related to achieving both high scalability and user trust within the broader Ethereum ecosystem.

The core plan centers on using a novel “2-of-3 proof system.” This approach combines three distinct types of transaction validation mechanisms simultaneously.

These mechanisms would include zero-knowledge (ZK) proofs, standard optimistic proofs, and proofs generated within trusted execution environments (TEEs).

ZK proofs provide a cryptographic assurance of transaction validity without revealing underlying data. Optimistic proofs, conversely, assume submitted L2 transactions are valid by default but incorporate a challenge period allowing independent verifiers to dispute potentially fraudulent activities. 

TEEs utilize specialized …

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