Vitalik Reveals “Lean Ethereum,” The Most Ambitious Overhaul Since the Merge

• Lean Ethereum is a 3 to 4 year overhaul touching nearly every layer of Ethereum.
• Recursive STARKs replace re-execution and are enshrined as a core protocol part.
• New scalable state types could slash Ethereum transaction fees by over 10x soon.

Ethereum is about to undergo its third major transformation, and this time it touches almost everything. Vitalik Buterin has outlined a sweeping multi-year upgrade roadmap called Lean Ethereum, describing it as a complete reimagining of the protocol that will unfold over three to four years.

What Lean Ethereum Actually Changes

Following research meetings in Berlin and Svalbard, Buterin published an updated strawmap laying out the scope of what is coming. The changes span nearly every layer of the protocol.

Verification will shift from direct re-execution to recursive STARKs, a more efficient cryptographic proof system th…

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