I am the CEO of Fast Shift Limited, a Malta-based Electronic Money Institution authorised by the MFSA, and a fintech and blockchain executive with a decade of experience building and licensing regulated financial infrastructure across Europe, the Middle East, Asia, and the United States.
At Fast Shift, I am leading the build-out of a full-stack payments institution: dedicated IBANs, SEPA payments, and SWIFT connectivity, alongside card issuing and acquiring, and a forward roadmap into stablecoin issuance and on-chain settlement under Europe’s MiCA framework. The vision is to bridge traditional payment rails with digital assets in a single, fully regulated platform.
Previously, as Chief Legal Officer at Fastex, I built and licensed global fintech and blockchain infrastructures spanning the full regulatory spectrum: MiCA, VARA, and EMI frameworks. I led international teams of lawyers and compliance professionals, secured authorizations in more than 30 jurisdictions, and developed compliant ecosystems that balance innovation, transparency, and risk management. I directed licensing under MiCA (Malta) and VARA (Dubai), oversaw the launch of an Electronic Money Institution in the EU, and founded the Bahamut Foundation (Switzerland), the governance backbone of our Layer-1 blockchain. My work has also spanned DeFi, RWA tokenization, and stablecoin development, all within regulated environments.
Collaboration with policymakers and regulators is central to how I work. I have engaged directly with VARA, MFSA, DFSA, SEC, CFTC, and SFC, contributing to the dialogue shaping the next generation of digital finance regulation.
I also lecture on Blockchain and Crypto Law at the American University of Armenia, where I teach how regulation and innovation can evolve together.
Find out more about me on LinkedIn and at 3Blocks.
What I cover
- Whether each prediction market app is legal in each US state
- State availability and the court cases behind it
- Regulator orders, cease-and-desist letters and federal rulings
- Where Polymarket and Kalshi are blocked around the world
How I work
Each legal page links the court filings, regulator orders and laws it relies on, listed under Sources at the end. The status box near the top is built from the same dated records, so it changes when a ruling does. The case tracker lists the cases behind them, newest first.
Nothing on these pages is legal advice. CoinStats may earn a commission on some links, and no app pays for its position.
Articles by Vardan Khachatryan
Are prediction markets legal in the US?
Yes, prediction markets are legal in the US under the CFTC. Is Polymarket legal, how Kalshi is legal, which states push back and what the courts said.
Read itPolymarket and Kalshi Lawsuits: Case Tracker
Every prediction market lawsuit, ruling and state action we track, newest first. Dockets and sources for Kalshi, Polymarket US, Robinhood and more.
Read itPolymarket and Kalshi Restricted Countries List
Polymarket's and Kalshi's restricted countries, side by side. Plus how to fund from abroad, and the countries whose own regulators have blocked them.
Read itPrediction Markets in Alabama: Legal in 2026?
Which prediction market apps accept Alabama residents, what the state has said and how that compares with its sports betting law. Cited and dated.
Read itPrediction Markets in Alaska: Legal in 2026?
Which prediction market apps accept Alaska residents, what the state has said and how that compares with its sports betting law. Cited and dated.
Read itArizona Prediction Markets: Are They Legal?
Yes, for now. Prediction markets are legal in Arizona under a federal injunction, despite charges against Kalshi. Which apps offer sports and what comes next.
Read itIs Kalshi legal in Arizona?
Yes, for now. Kalshi is live in Arizona, sports and elections included, despite criminal charges. The federal injunction behind that, and why it may not last.
Read itIs Polymarket legal in Arizona?
Not for sports. Polymarket US is open in Arizona for politics, economics and more. What the state has done, the federal injunction, and what could change.
Read itPrediction Markets in Arkansas: Legal in 2026?
Which prediction market apps accept Arkansas residents, what the state has said and how that compares with its sports betting law. Cited and dated.
Read itCalifornia Prediction Markets: Are They Legal?
Yes. Prediction markets are legal in California, even with sports betting banned. Which apps work, what the tribes' case means and what could change.
Read itIs Kalshi legal in California?
Yes, Kalshi is legal in California, sports included. What the Ninth Circuit's tribal ruling means, where Kalshi switched off, and what could change next.
Read itPrediction Markets in Colorado: Legal in 2026?
Which prediction market apps accept Colorado residents, what the state has said and how that compares with its sports betting law. Cited and dated.
Read itConnecticut Prediction Markets: Are They Legal?
Yes, for now, but Connecticut has ordered ten apps to stop sports contracts. Which apps still work, where each court case stands and what could change.
Read itIs Kalshi legal in Connecticut?
Yes, for now, but contested. Connecticut calls Kalshi's sports contracts illegal betting, a judge refused to block the state, and the Second Circuit is next.
Read itIs Polymarket Legal in Connecticut?
Contested. Connecticut ordered Polymarket US to stop sports contracts in September 2026. What the order covers, what it means for you and what comes next.
Read itIs Robinhood Legal in Connecticut? Status for October 2026
Connecticut's Department of Consumer Protection ordered Robinhood Derivatives to stop offering sports event contracts on December 2, 2025 and again in Sept
Read itPrediction Markets in Delaware: Legal in 2026?
Which prediction market apps accept Delaware residents, what the state has said and how that compares with its sports betting law. Cited and dated.
Read itPrediction Markets in District of Columbia: Legal in 2026?
Which prediction market apps accept District of Columbia residents, what the state has said and how that compares with its sports betting law. Cited and dated.
Read itPrediction Markets in Florida: Legal in 2026?
Which prediction market apps accept Florida residents, what the state has said and how that compares with its sports betting law. Cited and dated.
Read itPrediction Markets in Georgia: Legal in 2026?
Which prediction market apps accept Georgia residents, what the state has said and how that compares with its sports betting law. Cited and dated.
Read itPrediction Markets in Hawaii: Legal in 2026?
Which prediction market apps accept Hawaii residents, what the state has said and how that compares with its sports betting law. Cited and dated.
Read itPrediction Markets in Idaho: Legal in 2026?
Which prediction market apps accept Idaho residents, what the state has said and how that compares with its sports betting law. Cited and dated.
Read itIllinois Prediction Markets: Are They Legal?
Yes, for now. Prediction markets are legal in Illinois, but the state calls them gambling. The new license law, the court fight and which apps offer sports.
Read itIs Kalshi legal in Illinois?
Yes, for now. Kalshi is live in Illinois, sports included, but the state calls it illegal gambling. The new license law, Kalshi's lawsuit and what comes next.
Read itIs Polymarket Legal in Illinois? Status for October 2026
The Illinois Gaming Board sent Polymarket US a cease-and-desist letter on January 27, 2026, and state law now requires a license for exchange-traded sports
Read itIs Robinhood Legal in Illinois? Status for October 2026
The Illinois Gaming Board sent Robinhood a cease-and-desist letter over sports contracts on April 1, 2025. No court order is in force.
Read itPrediction Markets in Indiana: Legal in 2026?
Which prediction market apps accept Indiana residents, what the state has said and how that compares with its sports betting law. Cited and dated.
Read itIowa Prediction Markets: Are They Legal?
Yes. Prediction markets are legal in Iowa, but a judge says state gambling law likely reaches Kalshi. Which apps work, what Iowa said and what comes next.
Read itIs Kalshi legal in Iowa?
Yes, Kalshi is legal in Iowa for now, sports included. A judge ruled against it in September, and its Eighth Circuit appeal could change that.
Read itPrediction Markets in Kansas: Legal in 2026?
Which prediction market apps accept Kansas residents, what the state has said and how that compares with its sports betting law. Cited and dated.
Read itPrediction Markets in Kentucky: Legal in 2026?
Which prediction market apps accept Kentucky residents, what the state has said and how that compares with its sports betting law. Cited and dated.
Read itPrediction Markets in Louisiana: Legal in 2026?
Which prediction market apps accept Louisiana residents, what the state has said and how that compares with its sports betting law. Cited and dated.
Read itPrediction Markets in Maine: Legal in 2026?
Which prediction market apps accept Maine residents, what the state has said and how that compares with its sports betting law. Cited and dated.
Read itMaryland Prediction Markets: Are They Legal?
Yes, for now. Prediction markets are legal in Maryland, but sports contracts are contested. Which apps work, the Fourth Circuit appeal and what could change.
Read itIs Kalshi legal in Maryland?
Yes, for now. Kalshi is legal in Maryland, sports included, while its Fourth Circuit appeal runs. What the judge ruled, what Maryland agreed and what's next.
Read itIs Polymarket legal in Maryland?
Yes. Polymarket US is legal in Maryland, but its sports contracts are in dispute. What Baltimore's lawsuit claims, what could change and how to trade.
Read itIs Robinhood Legal in Maryland? Status for October 2026
The Maryland Lottery and Gaming Control Commission ordered Robinhood Derivatives on April 7, 2025 to stop offering sports event contracts, and Robinhood's
Read itAre Prediction Markets Legal in Massachusetts?
Yes, for now. Prediction markets work in Massachusetts, sports included, while the SJC weighs the state's case against Kalshi. Which apps work and what's next.
Read itIs Kalshi legal in Massachusetts?
Yes, for now. A court ordered Kalshi to stop sports contracts in Massachusetts, but the order is on hold until the SJC rules. What that means for you.
Read itIs Polymarket Legal in Massachusetts?
Yes, for now. Polymarket US works in Massachusetts, sports included, while the state waits on the Kalshi appeal. Its lawsuit, the deal and what comes next.
Read itIs Robinhood Legal in Massachusetts?
Yes, for now. Robinhood's prediction markets work in Massachusetts, sports included. Why it sued the state, its First Circuit appeal and what could change.
Read itMichigan Prediction Markets: Are They Legal?
Yes, but mostly not for sports. A Michigan court blocked Kalshi's sports contracts and Robinhood pulled its own. Which apps work, and what could change.
Read itIs Kalshi legal in Michigan?
Not for sports. A Michigan court order blocks Kalshi's sports contracts, with fines of $500,000 a day. What still trades, the case, and what could change.
Read itIs Polymarket legal in Michigan?
Yes, but contested. No Michigan order bars Polymarket US, yet it lost its bid to block state enforcement on sports. The case, the risks and what comes next.
Read itIs Robinhood legal in Michigan?
Not for sports. Robinhood stopped new sports event contracts in Michigan on September 9 under a court-approved deal. What still trades, and what comes next.
Read itMinnesota Prediction Markets: Are They Legal?
Yes. Prediction markets are legal in Minnesota for now, because a judge blocked the state's felony ban. Which apps work, what the law says and what's next.
Read itIs Kalshi legal in Minnesota?
Yes, Kalshi is legal in Minnesota for now. A federal judge blocked the state's felony ban on prediction markets in July. What it means and what could change.
Read itIs Polymarket legal in Minnesota?
Yes, Polymarket is legal in Minnesota through Polymarket US, for now. A judge blocked the state's felony ban in July. What it covers and what could change.
Read itPrediction Markets in Mississippi: Legal in 2026?
Which prediction market apps accept Mississippi residents, what the state has said and how that compares with its sports betting law. Cited and dated.
Read itPrediction Markets in Missouri: Legal in 2026?
Which prediction market apps accept Missouri residents, what the state has said and how that compares with its sports betting law. Cited and dated.
Read itPrediction Markets in Montana: Legal in 2026?
Which prediction market apps accept Montana residents, what the state has said and how that compares with its sports betting law. Cited and dated.
Read itPrediction Markets in Nebraska: Legal in 2026?
Which prediction market apps accept Nebraska residents, what the state has said and how that compares with its sports betting law. Cited and dated.
Read itNevada Prediction Markets: Are They Legal?
Not for sports. Nevada courts have shut sports, election and entertainment contracts on prediction market apps. Which apps still work, the cases, what's next.
Read itIs Kalshi legal in Nevada?
Not for sports. A Nevada court order blocks Kalshi's sports, election and entertainment contracts. What still trades, the $120,000-a-day fight and what's next.
Read itIs Polymarket legal in Nevada?
No. A Nevada court order keeps Polymarket US out of the state. The case, the May 29 injunction, why polymarket.com is no workaround and what could change.
Read itIs Robinhood legal in Nevada?
Not for sports. Robinhood works in Nevada, but its prediction market can't open new sports contracts there. The case, the Supreme Court bid and what's left.
Read itPrediction Markets in New Hampshire: Legal in 2026?
Which prediction market apps accept New Hampshire residents, what the state has said and how that compares with its sports betting law. Cited and dated.
Read itNew Jersey Prediction Markets: Are They Legal?
Yes. Prediction markets are legal in New Jersey, where a federal court shields Kalshi. Which apps work, the Supreme Court petition and what could change.
Read itIs Kalshi legal in New Jersey?
Yes. Kalshi is legal in New Jersey, sports included, after a Third Circuit win. What the court held, the state's Supreme Court petition and what comes next.
Read itPrediction Markets in New Mexico: Legal in 2026?
Which prediction market apps accept New Mexico residents, what the state has said and how that compares with its sports betting law. Cited and dated.
Read itNew York Prediction Markets: Are They Legal?
Yes, for now. Prediction markets are legal in New York, but the state is suing Kalshi, Polymarket US and others. Which apps work and what could change.
Read itIs Kalshi legal in New York?
Yes, for now. Kalshi is legal in New York while the state sues to stop it. What each lawsuit asks, what the courts have ruled and what could change next.
Read itIs Polymarket Legal in New York? Status for October 2026
The Attorney General and Governor sued Polymarket US (QCX LLC) in state court on September 24, 2026, seeking to bar its contracts on sports, elections and
Read itPrediction Markets in North Carolina: Legal in 2026?
Which prediction market apps accept North Carolina residents, what the state has said and how that compares with its sports betting law. Cited and dated.
Read itPrediction Markets in North Dakota: Legal in 2026?
Which prediction market apps accept North Dakota residents, what the state has said and how that compares with its sports betting law. Cited and dated.
Read itOhio Prediction Markets: Are They Legal?
Yes, but sports are contested. Kalshi still trades in Ohio after losing at the Sixth Circuit, with a $5 million fine pending. Which apps work, and the risks.
Read itIs Kalshi legal in Ohio?
Yes, but contested. Kalshi's sports contracts still trade in Ohio, yet a federal appeals court says Ohio law applies. A $5 million fine is pending.
Read itPrediction Markets in Oklahoma: Legal in 2026?
Which prediction market apps accept Oklahoma residents, what the state has said and how that compares with its sports betting law. Cited and dated.
Read itPrediction Markets in Oregon: Legal in 2026?
Which prediction market apps accept Oregon residents, what the state has said and how that compares with its sports betting law. Cited and dated.
Read itPrediction Markets in Pennsylvania: Legal in 2026?
Which prediction market apps accept Pennsylvania residents, what the state has said and how that compares with its sports betting law. Cited and dated.
Read itRhode Island Prediction Markets: Are They Legal?
Yes, for now. Prediction markets work in Rhode Island, sports included, while a federal judge weighs the state's suit against Polymarket and Kalshi.
Read itIs Kalshi legal in Rhode Island?
Yes, for now. Rhode Island is suing Kalshi over sports contracts, but it agreed not to enforce while a federal judge decides. What that means for you.
Read itIs Polymarket Legal in Rhode Island?
Yes, for now. Rhode Island is suing Polymarket US over sports contracts, but it agreed not to enforce while a federal judge decides. What that means for you.
Read itPrediction Markets in South Carolina: Legal in 2026?
Which prediction market apps accept South Carolina residents, what the state has said and how that compares with its sports betting law. Cited and dated.
Read itPrediction Markets in South Dakota: Legal in 2026?
Which prediction market apps accept South Dakota residents, what the state has said and how that compares with its sports betting law. Cited and dated.
Read itTennessee Prediction Markets: Are They Legal?
Yes, but sports are in flux. Tennessee ordered Polymarket and Kalshi to stop sports contracts, and Kalshi's court shield is ending. Which apps work, and when.
Read itIs Kalshi legal in Tennessee?
Yes, for now. Kalshi's sports contracts still trade in Tennessee, but an appeals court threw out the order protecting them. What happens next, and when.
Read itIs Polymarket legal in Tennessee?
Not for sports. Tennessee ordered Polymarket to stop sports contracts in January, and no court has paused the order. What that means, and what comes next.
Read itTexas Prediction Markets: Are They Legal?
Yes. Prediction markets are legal in Texas, though sports betting is banned. Which apps work, what the Senate is studying and what could change in 2027.
Read itIs Kalshi legal in Texas?
Yes, Kalshi is legal in Texas, sports included, though sportsbooks are banned. What the Senate's review means and what could change in 2027.
Read itUtah Prediction Markets: Are They Legal?
Not for sports, a federal judge ruled, yet the apps still offer them in Utah. What the Kalshi ruling means, which apps work, the risks and what comes next.
Read itIs Kalshi legal in Utah?
Not for sports, a federal judge ruled, though Kalshi still lists them in Utah for now. The August 4 ruling, the Tenth Circuit denial and what could come next.
Read itPrediction Markets in Vermont: Legal in 2026?
Which prediction market apps accept Vermont residents, what the state has said and how that compares with its sports betting law. Cited and dated.
Read itPrediction Markets in Virginia: Legal in 2026?
Which prediction market apps accept Virginia residents, what the state has said and how that compares with its sports betting law. Cited and dated.
Read itWashington Prediction Markets: Are They Legal?
Not according to the state. Washington calls event contracts unauthorized and has shut most of Kalshi. Which apps still work, the lawsuits and what's next.
Read itIs Kalshi legal in Washington State?
Only for financial markets. A King County order bars Kalshi's sports, election and most other contracts in Washington. What trades, the case and what's next.
Read itIs Robinhood Legal in Washington? Status for October 2026
Washington agreed in federal court, in a stipulated order of May 21, 2026, not to pursue civil or criminal enforcement against Robinhood while the Ninth Ci
Read itPrediction Markets in West Virginia: Legal in 2026?
Which prediction market apps accept West Virginia residents, what the state has said and how that compares with its sports betting law. Cited and dated.
Read itWisconsin Prediction Markets: Are They Legal?
Yes, for now. Prediction markets are legal in Wisconsin, but the state is suing five operators over sports. Which apps work, the cases and what could change.
Read itIs Kalshi legal in Wisconsin?
Yes, Kalshi is legal in Wisconsin for now, sports included. But the state is suing, the CFTC lost round one and the Ho-Chunk Nation has its own case.
Read itIs Polymarket Legal in Wisconsin? Status for October 2026
Wisconsin sued Polymarket US's exchange, QCX LLC, on April 23, 2026, calling its sports contracts illegal commercial gambling; the case is in federal court
Read itIs Robinhood Legal in Wisconsin? Status for October 2026
Wisconsin named Robinhood Derivatives in its April 23, 2026 suit against Kalshi over sports contracts; the case is in federal court. No restriction is in f
Read itPrediction Markets in Wyoming: Legal in 2026?
Which prediction market apps accept Wyoming residents, what the state has said and how that compares with its sports betting law. Cited and dated.
Read it